Radiocarbon Volume 40, Numbers 1 and 2, 1998

	Proceedings of the 16th International Radiocarbon Conference
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I. Sample Treatment

A. Materials, Fractions, Purification

AMS and Microprobe Analysis of Combusted Particles in Ice and Snow
	S. R. Biegalski, L. A. Currie, R. A. Fletcher, G. A. Klouda and Rolland Weissenbök	3
¹⁴C Dating of Bone Using γ-carboxyglutamic Acid and α-carboxyglycine (Aminomalonate)
	Richard R. Burky, Donna L. Kirner, R. E. Taylor, P. E. Hare and John R. Southon	11
The Influence of Pretreatment on Humic Acid Yield and ¹⁴C Age of Carex Peat
	G. T. Cook, A. J. Dugmore and J. S. Shore	21
Preparation of Inorganic and Organic Carbon for ¹⁴C Analysis from a Single Marine Sample
	Sheila Griffin and Ellen R. M. Druffel	29
Methodological Issues in the ¹⁴C Dating of Rock Painting
	R. E. M. Hedges, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, G. J. van Klinken, P. B. Pettitt, Christina Nielsen-Marsh, Alberto Etchegoyen, J. O. Fernandez Niello, M. T. Boschin and A. M. Llamazares	35
Evaluation of Wood Pretreatments on Oak and Cedar
	S. T. Hoper, F. G. McCormac, A. G. Hogg, T. F. G. Higham and M. J. Head	45
Chemistry Strategies for Organic ¹⁴C Samples
	G. J. van Klinken and R. E. M. Hedges	51
Attempt to Affect the Apparent ¹⁴C Age of Cotton by Scorching in a CO₂ Environment
	Austin Long	57
An Experiment to Refute the Likelihood of Cellulose Carboxylation
	R. E. M. Hedges, Christopher Bronk Ramsey and G. J. van Klinken	59
Microscale AMS ¹⁴C Measurement at NOSAMS
	Ann Pearson, Ann P. McNichol, Robert J. Schneider, Karl F. von Reden and Yan Zheng	61
An Attempt at Absolute ¹⁴C Dating
	Jacob Szabo, Israel Carmi, Dror Segal and Eugenia Mintz	77

B. ¹⁴C Detection Medium: Preparation and Purification

The Carbonate ¹⁴C Background and its Components at the Leibniz AMS Facility
	M. Schleicher, P. M. Grootes, M.-J. Nadeau and Axel Schoon	85
Target Preparation for Continuous Flow Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
	R. J. Schneider, J. M. Hayes, K. F. von Reden, A. P. McNichol, T. I. Eglinton and J. S. C. Wills	95
Study of the ¹⁴C-Contamination Potential of C-Impurities in CuO and Fe
	Kurt Vandeputte, Luc Moens, Richard Dams and Johannes van der Plicht	103

II. Measurement Techniques

A. Gas Counting

On the Validity of the Poisson Hypothesis for Low-Level Counting: Investigation of the Distributional Characteristics of Background Radiation with the NIST Individual Pulse Counting System
	L. A. Currie, E. M. Eijgenhuijsen and G. A. Klouda	113
Gas Counting System for ¹⁴C Dating of Small Samples in the Kraków Laboratory
	Zibigniew Gorczyca, Kazimierz Jeleń and Tadeusz Kuc	129
Estimation of Gas Purity in a CO₂-Filled Proportional Counter by Rise-Time Analysis
	Adam Michczyński and Anna Pazdur	137
Reduction of the Error Multiplier by a Long-Term Analysis of the Characteristic Behaviors of Proportional Counters
	Ingrid U. Olsson	143
Development of New Beta-Counting Programs Operating Under a Windows^® NT Workstation
	Kunio Omoto	151
Radiometric ¹⁴C Dating: New Background Analysis, Basis of Improved Systems
	Pall Theodórsson	157

B. Liquid Scintillation Counting

Comparison of Vanadium Oxide Catalysts for Synthesis of Benzene: Benzene Purity, Yields and Reconditioning Methods
	T. B. Enerson, Herbert Haas, Kaveh Zarrabi and R. L. Titus	167
The New Nagoya Radiocarbon Laboratory
	Yasushi Muraki, Grant Kocharov, Tooru Nishiyama, Yukiko Naruse, Takuya Murata, Kimiaki Masuda and Kh. A. Arslanov	177
A Remotely Operated, Field-Deployable Tritium Analysis System for Surface and Ground Water Measurement
	J. E. Noakes, J. D. Spaulding and M. P. Neary	183
Performance of the Packard Tri-Carb^® 2770TR/SL Liquid Scintillation Analyzer for ¹⁴C Dating
	C. J. Passo, Robert Anderson, David Roberts and G. T. Cook	193
Commissioning of a Quantulus 1220™ Liquid Scintillation Beta Spectrometer for Measuring ¹⁴C and ³H at Natural Abundance Levels
	Jacek Pawlyta, Anna Pazdur, Andrzej Z. Rakowski, Brian F. Miller and Douglas D. Harkness	201
Recent Developments in the Procedures Used at the SSCER Laboratory for the Routine Preparation of Lithium Carbide
	Vadim V. Skripkin and Nikolai N. Kovaliukh	211

C. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

Contamination and Fractionation Effects in AMS-Measured ¹⁴C/¹²C and ¹³C/¹²C Ratios of Small Samples
	Cees Alderliesten, Klaas van der Borg and Arie F. M. de Jong	215
Reproducibility of Seawater, Inorganic and Organic Carbon ¹⁴C Results at NOSAMS
	Kathryn L. Elder, Ann P. McNichol and Alan R. Gagnon	223
The Erlangen AMS Facility and its Applications in ¹⁴C Sediment and Bone Dating
	W. Kretschmer, G. Anton, M. Benz, S. Blasche, G. Erler, E. Finckh, L. Fischer, H. Kerscher, A. Kotva, M. Klein, M. Leigart, G. Morgenroth and H. Küster	231
Sample Throughput and Data Quality at the Leibniz-Labor AMS Facility
	M.-J. Nadeau, P. M. Grootes, Markus Schleicher, Peter Hasselberg, Anke Rieck and Malte Bitterling	239
¹⁴C AMS Measurements of <100 mg Samples with a High-Current System
	Karl F. von Reden, Ann McNichol, Ann Pearson, and Robert Schneider	247
Systematic Investigations of ¹⁴C Measurements at the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator
	Werner Rom, Robin Golser, Walter Kutschera, Alfred Priller, Peter Steier and Eva Wild	255
¹⁴C Measurements of Sub-Milligram Carbon Samples from Aerosols
	Roland Weissenbök, Steven R. Biegalski, Lloyd A. Currie, Donna B. Klinedinst, Robin Golser, George A. Klouda, Walter Kutschera, Alfred Priller, Werner Rom, Peter Steier and Eva Wild	265
First ¹⁴C Results from Archaeological and Forensic Studies at the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator
	Eva Wild, Robin Golser, Peter Hille, Walter Kutschera, Alfred Priller, Stephan Puchegger, Werner Rom, Peter Steier and Walter Vycudilik	273
An Ion Source for the HVEE ¹⁴C Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer for Biomedical Applications
	Dirk J. W. Mous, Wim Fokker, Rein van den Broek, Ron Koopmans, Christopher Bronk Ramsey and R. E. M. Hedges	283

D. Standardization, Intercomparison, Data Management

Consensus Dating of Mammoth Remains from Wrangel Island
	Kh. A. Arslanov, G. T. Cook, Steinar Gulliksen, D. D. Harkness, Tuovi Kankainen, E. M. Scott, Sergey Vartanyan and Ganna I. Zaitseva	289
New ¹⁴C Reference Materials with Activities of 15 and 50 pMC
	Martijn Le Clercq, Johannes van der Plicht and Manfred Gröning	295
Interlaboratory Comparisons of ¹⁴C Measurements in Milk and Vegetation
	G. M. Milton, S. J. Kramer and J. C. D. Milton	299
¹⁴C Database and Geographic Information System for Western Siberia
	Lyobov A. Orlova, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin and Ivan D. Zolnikov	313
Interlaboratory Comparisons: Lessons Learned
	E. M. Scott, D. D. Harkness and G. T. Cook	331

III. Geophysics and Geochemistry of ¹⁴C

A. Cosmogenic and Terrestrial ¹⁴C Variations

Secular Variation of Δ¹⁴C During the Medieval Solar Maximum: A Progress Report
	P. E. Damon, C. J. Eastoe, M. K. Hughes, R. M. Kalin, A. Long and A. N. Peristykh	343
Segments of Atmospheric ¹⁴C Change as Derived from Late Glacial and Early Holocene Floating Tree-Ring Series
	Bernd Kromer, Marco Spurk, Sabine Remmele, Mike Barbetti and Vladimiro Toniello	351
The Effect of a Succession of Ocean Ventilation Changes on ¹⁴C
	Thomas F. Stocker and Daniel G. Wright	359
The Tunguska Event as Recorded in a Tree Trunk
	Hitoshi Yonenobu and Chisato Takenaka	367

B. Anthropogenic ¹⁴C Variations

¹⁴C Analysis of Annual Tree Rings from the Vicinity of the Chernobyl NPP
	Michael Buzinny, Ilja Likhtarev, Ivan Los', Nikolay Talerko and Nikolay Tsigankov	373
The Pursuit of Isotopic and Molecular Fire Tracers in the Polar Atmosphere and Cryosphere
	L. A. Currie, J. E. Dibb, G. A. Klouda, B. A. Benner, Jr., J. M. Conny, S. R. Biegalski, D. B. Klinedinst, D. R. Cahoon and N. C. Hsu	381
¹⁴C Cycle in the Hot Zone around Chernobyl
	Nikolai N. Kovaliukh, Vadim V. Skripkin and Johannes van der Plicht	391
Two Decades of Environmental Isotope Records in Croatia: Reconstruction of the Past and Prediction of Future Levels
	Ines Krajcar-Bronić, Nada Horvatinčić and Bogomil Obelić	399
Changes of the CO₂ Sources and Sinks in a Polluted Urban Area (Southern Poland) over the Last Decade, Derived from the Carbon Isotope Composition
	Tadeusz Kuc and Mirosław Zimnoch	417
A Review of ¹⁴C Waste Arising from the Nuclear Industry in the United Kingdom
	Niall McNamara, Martin McCartney and E. M. Scott	425
¹⁴C Levels in the Vicinity of Two Swedish Nuclear Power Plants and at Two "Clean-Air" Sites in Southernmost Sweden
	Kristina Stenström, Göran Skog, Charlotte Thornberg, Bengt Erlandsson, Ragnar Hellborg, Sören Mattsson and Per Persson	433
¹⁴C Measurements at PWR-Type Nuclear Power Plants in Three Middle European Countries
	György Uchrin, Ede Hertelendi, Gábor Volent, Ondrej Slavik, Jozef Morávek, Ivan Kobal and Barbara Vokal	439
The Behavior of Sellafield-Derived ¹⁴C in the Northeast Irish Sea
	Anne Wolstenholme, G. T. Cook, A. B. Mackenzie, Philip Naysmith, P. S. Meadows and Paul McDonald	447

IV. Calibration of the ¹⁴C Time Scale

A. Data Records Other Than ¹⁴C

Probability and Dating
	Christopher Bronk Ramsey	461
Calibration of the ¹⁴C Time Scale Beyond 22,000 BP
	Mebus A. Geyh and Christian Schlüchter	475
A New ¹⁴C Calibration Data Set for the Last Deglaciation Based on Marine Varves
	Konrad A. Hughen, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Scott J. Lehman, Michaele Kashgarian, John R. Southon and Larry C. Peterson	483
Extension of the ¹⁴C Calibration Curve to ca. 40,000 cal BC by Synchronizing Greenland ¹⁸O/¹⁶O Ice Core Records and North Atlantic Foraminifera Profiles: A Comparison with U/Th Coral Data
	Olaf Jöris and Bernhard Weninger	495
A 40,000-Year Varve Chronology from Lake Suigetsu, Japan: Extension of the ¹⁴C Calibration Curve
	Hiroyuki Kitagawa and Johannes van der Plicht	505
Correlation of Marine ¹⁴C Ages from the Nordic Seas with the GISP2 Isotope Record: Implications for ¹⁴C Calibration Beyond 25 ka BP
	Antje H. L. Voelker, Michael Sarnthein, Pieter M. Grootes, Helmut Erlenkeuser, Carlo Laj, Alain Mazaud, Marie-Josée Nadeau and Markus Schleicher	517

B. Wiggle-Matching and Floating Chronologies

The Sharp Rise of Δ¹⁴C ca. 800 cal BC: Possible Causes, Related Climatic Teleconnections and the Impact on Human Environments
	Bas van Geel, Johannes van der Plicht, M. R. Kilian, E. R. Klaver, J. H. M. Kouwenberg, H. Renssen, I. Reynaud-Farrera and H. T. Waterbolk	535
Using the Bayesian Method to Study the Precision of Dating by Wiggle-Matching
	Tomasz Goslar and Wiesław Mądry	551
Calibration Technique for ¹⁴C Data Clusters: Fitting Relative Chronologies onto Absolute Time Scales
	Herbert Haas and Matthew R. Doubrava	561
A Tree-Ring and ¹⁴C Chronology of the Key Sayan-Altai Monuments
	G. I. Zaitseva, S. S. Vasiliev, L. S. Marsadolov, Johannes van der Plicht, A. A. Sementsov, V. A. Dergachev and L. M. Lebedeva	571

V. Dating Applications

A. Archaeology

The Early History of Moscow: ¹⁴C Dates from Red Square
	Alexander L. Alexandrovskiy, Johannes van der Plicht, Nikolay Krenke, Olga A. Chichagova, Nikolai N. Kovaliukh and Leopold D. Sulerzitski	583
Dating Grimes Graves
	Janet Ambers	591
Factors Influencing ¹⁴C Ages of the Pacific Rat Rattus exulans
	Nancy Ragano Beavan and Rodger J. Sparks	601
America's Oldest Basketry
	Rainer Berger, Millie Bendat and Andrea Parker	615
Early Bronze Jericho: High-Precision ¹⁴C Dates of Short-Lived Palaeobotanic Remains
	Hendrik J. Bruins and Johannes van der Plicht	621
¹⁴C Dating of a Neolithic Field System at Céide Fields, County Mayo, Ireland
	Seamas Caulfield, R. G. O'Donnell and P. I. Mitchell	629
New ¹⁴C Dating of the Archaic Royal Necropolis Umm el-Qaab at Abydos (Egypt)
	Jochen Görsdorf, Günter Dreyer and Ulrich Hartung	641
Climatic Events and Upper Paleolithic Chronology in the Dniester Basin: New ¹⁴C Results from Cosautsi
	Paul Haesaerts, Ilic Borziak, Johannes van der Plicht and Freddy Damblon	649
Duration of Tell Settlements at Four Prehistoric Sites in Hungary
	Ede Hertelendi, Éva Svingor, Pál Raczky, Ferenc Horváth, István Futó and László Bartosiewicz	659
The Chronology of the Subotiv Settlement
	Victor I. Klochko, Nikolai N. Kovaliukh, Vadim V. Skripkin and Ingo Motzenbecker	667
¹⁴C Chronology of Stone Age Cultures in the Russian Far East
	Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, A. J. T. Jull, Lyobov A. Orlova and Leopold D. Sulerzhitsky	675
Wadi Shaw 82/52: ¹⁴C Dates from a Peridynastic Site in Northwest Sudan, Supporting the Egyptian Historical Chronology
	Mathias Lange	687
Ground Sloth Extinction and Human Occupation at Gruta del Indio, Argentina
	Austin Long, Paul S. Martin and Humberto A. Lagiglia	693
¹⁴C Dating Ancient Japanese Documents
	Hirotaka Oda, Toshio Nakamura and Michiaki Furukawa	701
Dating a Chalcolithic Burial Cave in Peqi'in, Upper Galilee, Israel
	Dror Segal, Israel Carmi, Zvi Gal, Howard Smithline and Dina Shalem	707
Chronology of the Burial Finds from Scythian Monuments in Southern Siberia and Central Asia
	A. A. Sementsov, G. I. Zaitseva, J. Görsdorf, A. Nagler, H. Parzinger, N. A. Bokovenko, K. V. Chugunov and L. M. Lebedeva	713
An Extended Prehistoric Well Field in the Opencast Mine Area of Zwenkau, Germany
	Harald Stäuble and Achim Hiller	721
The ¹⁴C Chronology of the Son Mas Sanctuary Site (Valldemosa, Mallorca, Spain)
	Mark J. Y. Van Strydonck, William H. Waldren and Veerle Hendrix	735
Problems with Radiometric "Time": Dating the Initial Human Colonization of Sahul
	R. Esmée Webb	749
¹⁴C Chronology of Archaeological Sites in European Russia and Changes in Environmental Processes: A Database Investigation
	Ganna I. Zaitseva, Valentin A. Dergachev, Vladimir I. Timofeev and Anatoly A. Sementsov	759
The First ¹⁴C Dating of Monuments in European Scythia
	Ganna I. Zaitseva, Göran Possnert, Andrey Yu. Alekseev, Valentin A. Dergachev and Anatoly A. Sementsov	767

B. The Terrestrial Environment

¹⁴C Dating of Late Pleistocene-Holocene Events on Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands
	V. B. Bazarova, N. G. Razjigaeva, T. A. Grebennikova, L. A. Ganzey, L. M. Mokhova, A. M. Korotky and L. D. Sulerzhitsky	775
¹⁴C Dating of Laminated Sediments from Loch Ness, Scotland
	M. C. Cooper, P. E. O'Sullivan,, D. D. Harkness, E. M. Lawson, D. Bull, A. E. S. Kemp, Sylvia M. Peglar, Nina M. Matthews, R. I. Jones and A. J. Shine	781
Radiometric Dating of Young and Old Calcrete
	Mebus A. Geyh and Bernhard Eitel	795
¹⁴C Ages of Terrestrial Macrofossils from Lago Grande di Monticchio (Italy)
	Irka Hajdas, Georges Bonani, Bernd Zolitschka, Achim Brauer and Jörg Negendank	803
Minimal Extension Phases of Unteraarglacier (Swiss Alps) During the Holocene Based on ¹⁴C Analysis of Wood
	Anne Hormes, Christian Schlüchter and Thomas F. Stocker	809
Holocene Paleoenvironmental Changes in the Lower Mahi Basin, Western India
	Sheela Kusumgar, Rachna Raj, L. S. Chamyal and M. G. Yadav	819
AMS ¹⁴C Dating of Historic Eruptions of the Kirishima, Sakurajima and Kaimondake Volcanoes, Southern Kyushu, Japan
	Mitsuru Okuno, Toshio Nakamura and Tetsuo Kobayashi	825
Application of ¹⁴C Data for the Estimation of Sphagnum Peat Increment in Estonian Ombrotrophic Mires
	J.-M. Punning and Tiiu Koff	833
¹⁴C Ages of Tephra Layers from the Holocene Deposits of Kunashir Island (Russian Far East)
	N. G. Razjigaeva, T. A. Grebennikova, L. A. Ganzey, V. B. Bazarova, L. M. Mokhova, A. M. Korotky and L. D. Sulerzhitsky	841
¹⁴C Dating of Terrestrial Moss in Tern Lake Deposits, Antarctica
	Chengde Shen, Tungsheng Liu, Weixi Yi, Yanmin Sun, Mantao Jiang, Jürg Beer and Georges Bonani	849
Reconstruction of Microenvironmental Changes in the Kopasz Hill Loess Area at Tokaj (Hungary) between 15 and 70 ka BP
	Pál Sümegi and Ede Hertelendi	855
¹⁴C AMS Dating of Icelandic Lake Sediments
	Árný E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Jan Heinemeier, Peter Kristensen, Niels Rud, Áslaug Geirsdóttir and Jórunn Harðardóttir	865
Carbon Isotope Variations and Chronology of the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (14-9 ka BP)
	Chris S. M. Turney, Doug D. Harkness and J. John Lowe	873
¹⁴C and ¹⁸O in Siberian Syngenetic Ice-Wedge Complexes
	Yurij K. Vasil'chuk and Alla C. Vasil'chuk	883
The ¹⁴C Age of Palsas in Northern Eurasia
	Yurij K. Vasil'chuk and Alla C. Vasil'chuk	895
Reappraisal of Chinese Loess Plateau Stratigraphic Sequences over the Last 30,000 Years: Precursors of an Important Holocene Monsoon Climatic Event
	Weijian Zhou, Zhisheng An, A. J. T Jull, D. J. Donahue and M. J. Head	905

C. The Freshwater Environment

Study of the Effect of Fossil Organic Carbon on ¹⁴C in Groundwater from Hvinningdal, Denmark
	E. Boaretto, L. Thorling, Á. E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Y. Yechieli and J. Heinemeier	915
Temporal Changes of the ¹⁴C Reservoir Effect in Lakes
	Mebus A. Geyh, U. Schotterer and M. Grosjean	921
Isotopic Analysis and Cycling of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon at Lake Biwa, Central Japan
	Toshio Nakamura, Sadao Kojima, Tomoko Ohta, Hirotaka Oda, Akiko Ikeda, Mitsuru Okuno, Ki-ichiro Yokota, Yoshihiko Mizutani and Wolfgang Kretschmer	933
¹⁴C and ²³⁴U-Excess Dating of Groundwater in the Haifa Bay Region, Israel
	Vasily Rogojin, Israel Carmi and Joel Kronfeld	945
¹⁴C Studies of Natural Ice
	A. T. Wilson	953

D. The Marine Environment

Apparent ¹⁴C Ages of Marine Mollusk Shells from a Greek Island: Calculation of the Marine Reservoir Effect in the Aegean Sea
	Yorgos Facorellis, Yannis Maniatis and Bernd Kromer	963
¹⁴C Dating of Modern Marine and Estuarine Shellfish
	A. G. Hogg, T. F. G. Higham and J. Dahm	975
Molecular, Radioactive and Stable Carbon Isotope Characterization of Estuarine Particulate Organic Matter
	Luc Megens, Johannes van der Plicht and Jan W. de Leeuw	985

E. Soils

The ¹⁴C Age of Humic Substances in Paleosols
	Alexander L. Alexandrovskiy and Olga A. Chichagova	991
Using ¹⁴C as a Tracer of Carbon Accumulation and Turnover in Soils
	G. M. Milton and S. J. Kramer	999
¹⁴C Dating and Stable Carbon Isotopes of Soil Organic Matter in Forest-Savanna Boundary Areas in the Southern Brazilian Amazon Region
	L. C. R. Pessenda, S. E. M. Gouveia, Ramon Aravena, B. M. Gomes, Rene Boulet and A. S. Ribeiro	1013
Soil Organic ¹⁴C Dynamics: Effects of Pasture Installation on Arable Land
	Paul F. A. M. Römkens, Jan Hassink and Johannes van der Plicht	1023

REPORT OF THE BUSINESS MEETING, FRIDAY 20 JUNE 1997	1033
AUTHOR INDEX	1035
SUBJECT INDEX	1039