Radiocarbon Volume 40, Numbers 1 and 2, 1998

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Proceedings of the 16th International Radiocarbon Conference

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Contents

I. Sample Treatment

A. Materials, Fractions, Purification

AMS and Microprobe Analysis of Combusted Particles in Ice and Snow
S. R. Biegalski, L. A. Currie, R. A. Fletcher, G. A. Klouda and Rolland Weissenbök 3
14C Dating of Bone Using gamma-carboxyglutamic Acid and alpha-carboxyglycine (Aminomalonate)
Richard R. Burky, Donna L. Kirner, R. E. Taylor, P. E. Hare and John R. Southon11
The Influence of Pretreatment on Humic Acid Yield and 14C Age of Carex Peat
G. T. Cook, A. J. Dugmore and J. S. Shore 21
Preparation of Inorganic and Organic Carbon for 14C Analysis from a Single Marine Sample
Sheila Griffin and Ellen R. M. Druffel29
Methodological Issues in the 14C Dating of Rock Painting
R. E. M. Hedges, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, G. J. van Klinken, P. B. Pettitt, Christina Nielsen-Marsh, Alberto Etchegoyen, J. O. Fernandez Niello, M. T. Boschin and A. M. Llamazares35
Evaluation of Wood Pretreatments on Oak and Cedar
S. T. Hoper, F. G. McCormac, A. G. Hogg, T. F. G. Higham and M. J. Head 45
Chemistry Strategies for Organic 14C Samples
G. J. van Klinken and R. E. M. Hedges51
Attempt to Affect the Apparent 14C Age of Cotton by Scorching in a CO2 Environment
Austin Long57
An Experiment to Refute the Likelihood of Cellulose Carboxylation
R. E. M. Hedges, Christopher Bronk Ramsey and G. J. van Klinken 59
Microscale AMS 14C Measurement at NOSAMS
Ann Pearson, Ann P. McNichol, Robert J. Schneider, Karl F. von Reden and Yan Zheng61
An Attempt at Absolute 14C Dating
Jacob Szabo, Israel Carmi, Dror Segal and Eugenia Mintz 77

B. 14C Detection Medium: Preparation and Purification

The Carbonate 14C Background and its Components at the Leibniz AMS Facility
M. Schleicher, P. M. Grootes, M.-J. Nadeau and Axel Schoon85
Target Preparation for Continuous Flow Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
R. J. Schneider, J. M. Hayes, K. F. von Reden, A. P. McNichol, T. I. Eglinton and J. S. C. Wills 95
Study of the 14C-Contamination Potential of C-Impurities in CuO and Fe
Kurt Vandeputte, Luc Moens, Richard Dams and Johannes van der Plicht 103

II. Measurement Techniques

A. Gas Counting

On the Validity of the Poisson Hypothesis for Low-Level Counting: Investigation of the Distributional Characteristics of Background Radiation with the NIST Individual Pulse Counting System
L. A. Currie, E. M. Eijgenhuijsen and G. A. Klouda113
Gas Counting System for 14C Dating of Small Samples in the Kraków Laboratory
Zibigniew Gorczyca, Kazimierz Jelen' and Tadeusz Kuc129
Estimation of Gas Purity in a CO2-Filled Proportional Counter by Rise-Time Analysis
Adam Michczyn'ski and Anna Pazdur137
Reduction of the Error Multiplier by a Long-Term Analysis of the Characteristic Behaviors of Proportional Counters
Ingrid U. Olsson143
Development of New Beta-Counting Programs Operating Under a Windows® NT Workstation
Kunio Omoto151
Radiometric 14C Dating: New Background Analysis, Basis of Improved Systems
Pall Theodórsson157

B. Liquid Scintillation Counting

Comparison of Vanadium Oxide Catalysts for Synthesis of Benzene: Benzene Purity, Yields and Reconditioning Methods
T. B. Enerson, Herbert Haas, Kaveh Zarrabi and R. L. Titus167
The New Nagoya Radiocarbon Laboratory
Yasushi Muraki, Grant Kocharov, Tooru Nishiyama, Yukiko Naruse, Takuya Murata, Kimiaki Masuda and Kh. A. Arslanov177
A Remotely Operated, Field-Deployable Tritium Analysis System for Surface and Ground Water Measurement
J. E. Noakes, J. D. Spaulding and M. P. Neary 183
Performance of the Packard Tri-Carb® 2770TR/SL Liquid Scintillation Analyzer for 14C Dating
C. J. Passo, Robert Anderson, David Roberts and G. T. Cook 193
Commissioning of a Quantulus 1220!" Liquid Scintillation Beta Spectrometer for Measuring 14C and 3H at Natural Abundance Levels
Jacek Pawlyta, Anna Pazdur, Andrzej Z. Rakowski, Brian F. Miller and Douglas D. Harkness201
Recent Developments in the Procedures Used at the SSCER Laboratory for the Routine Preparation of Lithium Carbide
Vadim V. Skripkin and Nikolai N. Kovaliukh211

C. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

Contamination and Fractionation Effects in AMS-Measured 14C/12C and 13C/12C Ratios of Small Samples
Cees Alderliesten, Klaas van der Borg and Arie F. M. de Jong215
Reproducibility of Seawater, Inorganic and Organic Carbon 14C Results at NOSAMS
Kathryn L. Elder, Ann P. McNichol and Alan R. Gagnon 223
The Erlangen AMS Facility and its Applications in 14C Sediment and Bone Dating
W. Kretschmer, G. Anton, M. Benz, S. Blasche, G. Erler, E. Finckh, L. Fischer, H. Kerscher, A. Kotva, M. Klein, M. Leigart, G. Morgenroth and H. Küster231
Sample Throughput and Data Quality at the Leibniz-Labor AMS Facility
M.-J. Nadeau, P. M. Grootes, Markus Schleicher, Peter Hasselberg, Anke Rieck and Malte Bitterling239
14C AMS Measurements of <100 mg Samples with a High-Current System
Karl F. von Reden, Ann McNichol, Ann Pearson, and Robert Schneider247
Systematic Investigations of 14C Measurements at the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator
Werner Rom, Robin Golser, Walter Kutschera, Alfred Priller, Peter Steier and Eva Wild255
14C Measurements of Sub-Milligram Carbon Samples from Aerosols
Roland Weissenbök, Steven R. Biegalski, Lloyd A. Currie, Donna B. Klinedinst, Robin Golser, George A. Klouda, Walter Kutschera, Alfred Priller, Werner Rom, Peter Steier and Eva Wild 265
First 14C Results from Archaeological and Forensic Studies at the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator
Eva Wild, Robin Golser, Peter Hille, Walter Kutschera, Alfred Priller, Stephan Puchegger, Werner Rom, Peter Steier and Walter Vycudilik 273
An Ion Source for the HVEE 14C Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer for Biomedical Applications
Dirk J. W. Mous, Wim Fokker, Rein van den Broek, Ron Koopmans, Christopher Bronk Ramsey and R. E. M. Hedges283

D. Standardization, Intercomparison, Data Management

Consensus Dating of Mammoth Remains from Wrangel Island
Kh. A. Arslanov, G. T. Cook, Steinar Gulliksen, D. D. Harkness, Tuovi Kankainen, E. M. Scott, Sergey Vartanyan and Ganna I. Zaitseva289
New 14C Reference Materials with Activities of 15 and 50 pMC
Martijn Le Clercq, Johannes van der Plicht and Manfred Gröning 295
Interlaboratory Comparisons of 14C Measurements in Milk and Vegetation
G. M. Milton, S. J. Kramer and J. C. D. Milton299
14C Database and Geographic Information System for Western Siberia
Lyobov A. Orlova, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin and Ivan D. Zolnikov313
Interlaboratory Comparisons: Lessons Learned
E. M. Scott, D. D. Harkness and G. T. Cook 331

III. Geophysics and Geochemistry of 14C

A. Cosmogenic and Terrestrial 14C Variations

Secular Variation of DELTA14C During the Medieval Solar Maximum: A Progress Report
P. E. Damon, C. J. Eastoe, M. K. Hughes, R. M. Kalin, A. Long and A. N. Peristykh 343
Segments of Atmospheric 14C Change as Derived from Late Glacial and Early Holocene Floating Tree-Ring Series
Bernd Kromer, Marco Spurk, Sabine Remmele, Mike Barbetti and Vladimiro Toniello351
The Effect of a Succession of Ocean Ventilation Changes on 14C
Thomas F. Stocker and Daniel G. Wright 359
The Tunguska Event as Recorded in a Tree Trunk
Hitoshi Yonenobu and Chisato Takenaka367

B. Anthropogenic 14C Variations

14C Analysis of Annual Tree Rings from the Vicinity of the Chernobyl NPP
Michael Buzinny, Ilja Likhtarev, Ivan Los', Nikolay Talerko and Nikolay Tsigankov373
The Pursuit of Isotopic and Molecular Fire Tracers in the Polar Atmosphere and Cryosphere
L. A. Currie, J. E. Dibb, G. A. Klouda, B. A. Benner, Jr., J. M. Conny, S. R. Biegalski, D. B. Klinedinst, D. R. Cahoon and N. C. Hsu381
14C Cycle in the Hot Zone around Chernobyl
Nikolai N. Kovaliukh, Vadim V. Skripkin and Johannes van der Plicht 391
Two Decades of Environmental Isotope Records in Croatia: Reconstruction of the Past and Prediction of Future Levels
Ines Krajcar-Bronic', Nada Horvatincic' and Bogomil Obelic'399
Changes of the CO2 Sources and Sinks in a Polluted Urban Area (Southern Poland) over the Last Decade, Derived from the Carbon Isotope Composition
Tadeusz Kuc and Miroslaw Zimnoch417
A Review of 14C Waste Arising from the Nuclear Industry in the United Kingdom
Niall McNamara, Martin McCartney and E. M. Scott425
14C Levels in the Vicinity of Two Swedish Nuclear Power Plants and at Two "Clean-Air" Sites in Southernmost Sweden
Kristina Stenström, Göran Skog, Charlotte Thornberg, Bengt Erlandsson, Ragnar Hellborg, Sören Mattsson and Per Persson 433
14C Measurements at PWR-Type Nuclear Power Plants in Three Middle European Countries
György Uchrin, Ede Hertelendi, Gábor Volent, Ondrej Slavik, Jozef Morávek, Ivan Kobal and Barbara Vokal439
The Behavior of Sellafield-Derived 14C in the Northeast Irish Sea
Anne Wolstenholme, G. T. Cook, A. B. Mackenzie, Philip Naysmith, P. S. Meadows and Paul McDonald447

IV. Calibration of the 14C Time Scale

A. Data Records Other Than 14C

Probability and Dating
Christopher Bronk Ramsey 461
Calibration of the 14C Time Scale Beyond 22,000 BP
Mebus A. Geyh and Christian Schlüchter 475
A New 14C Calibration Data Set for the Last Deglaciation Based on Marine Varves
Konrad A. Hughen, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Scott J. Lehman, Michaele Kashgarian, John R. Southon and Larry C. Peterson483
Extension of the 14C Calibration Curve to ca. 40,000 cal BC by Synchronizing Greenland 18O/16O Ice Core Records and North Atlantic Foraminifera Profiles: A Comparison with U/Th Coral Data
Olaf Jöris and Bernhard Weninger495
A 40,000-Year Varve Chronology from Lake Suigetsu, Japan: Extension of the 14C Calibration Curve
Hiroyuki Kitagawa and Johannes van der Plicht 505
Correlation of Marine 14C Ages from the Nordic Seas with the GISP2 Isotope Record: Implications for 14C Calibration Beyond 25 ka BP
Antje H. L. Voelker, Michael Sarnthein, Pieter M. Grootes, Helmut Erlenkeuser, Carlo Laj, Alain Mazaud, Marie-Josée Nadeau and Markus Schleicher517

B. Wiggle-Matching and Floating Chronologies

The Sharp Rise of DELTA14C ca. 800 cal BC: Possible Causes, Related Climatic Teleconnections and the Impact on Human Environments
Bas van Geel, Johannes van der Plicht, M. R. Kilian, E. R. Klaver, J. H. M. Kouwenberg, H. Renssen, I. Reynaud-Farrera and H. T. Waterbolk535
Using the Bayesian Method to Study the Precision of Dating by Wiggle-Matching
Tomasz Goslar and Wieslaw Madry 551
Calibration Technique for 14C Data Clusters: Fitting Relative Chronologies onto Absolute Time Scales
Herbert Haas and Matthew R. Doubrava 561
A Tree-Ring and 14C Chronology of the Key Sayan-Altai Monuments
G. I. Zaitseva, S. S. Vasiliev, L. S. Marsadolov, Johannes van der Plicht, A. A. Sementsov, V. A. Dergachev and L. M. Lebedeva571

V. Dating Applications

A. Archaeology

The Early History of Moscow: 14C Dates from Red Square
Alexander L. Alexandrovskiy, Johannes van der Plicht, Nikolay Krenke, Olga A. Chichagova, Nikolai N. Kovaliukh and Leopold D. Sulerzitski 583
Dating Grimes Graves
Janet Ambers 591
Factors Influencing 14C Ages of the Pacific Rat Rattus exulans
Nancy Ragano Beavan and Rodger J. Sparks601
America's Oldest Basketry
Rainer Berger, Millie Bendat and Andrea Parker615
Early Bronze Jericho: High-Precision 14C Dates of Short-Lived Palaeobotanic Remains
Hendrik J. Bruins and Johannes van der Plicht 621
14C Dating of a Neolithic Field System at Céide Fields, County Mayo, Ireland
Seamas Caulfield, R. G. O'Donnell and P. I. Mitchell 629
New 14C Dating of the Archaic Royal Necropolis Umm el-Qaab at Abydos (Egypt)
Jochen Görsdorf, Günter Dreyer and Ulrich Hartung 641
Climatic Events and Upper Paleolithic Chronology in the Dniester Basin: New 14C Results from Cosautsi
Paul Haesaerts, Ilic Borziak, Johannes van der Plicht and Freddy Damblon 649
Duration of Tell Settlements at Four Prehistoric Sites in Hungary
Ede Hertelendi, Éva Svingor, Pál Raczky, Ferenc Horváth, István Futó and László Bartosiewicz 659
The Chronology of the Subotiv Settlement
Victor I. Klochko, Nikolai N. Kovaliukh, Vadim V. Skripkin and Ingo Motzenbecker 667
14C Chronology of Stone Age Cultures in the Russian Far East
Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, A. J. T. Jull, Lyobov A. Orlova and Leopold D. Sulerzhitsky 675
Wadi Shaw 82/52: 14C Dates from a Peridynastic Site in Northwest Sudan, Supporting the Egyptian Historical Chronology
Mathias Lange687
Ground Sloth Extinction and Human Occupation at Gruta del Indio, Argentina
Austin Long, Paul S. Martin and Humberto A. Lagiglia693
14C Dating Ancient Japanese Documents
Hirotaka Oda, Toshio Nakamura and Michiaki Furukawa701
Dating a Chalcolithic Burial Cave in Peqi'in, Upper Galilee, Israel
Dror Segal, Israel Carmi, Zvi Gal, Howard Smithline and Dina Shalem707
Chronology of the Burial Finds from Scythian Monuments in Southern Siberia and Central Asia
A. A. Sementsov, G. I. Zaitseva, J. Görsdorf, A. Nagler, H. Parzinger, N. A. Bokovenko, K. V. Chugunov and L. M. Lebedeva 713
An Extended Prehistoric Well Field in the Opencast Mine Area of Zwenkau, Germany
Harald Stäuble and Achim Hiller 721
The 14C Chronology of the Son Mas Sanctuary Site (Valldemosa, Mallorca, Spain)
Mark J. Y. Van Strydonck, William H. Waldren and Veerle Hendrix735
Problems with Radiometric "Time": Dating the Initial Human Colonization of Sahul
R. Esmée Webb749
14C Chronology of Archaeological Sites in European Russia and Changes in Environmental Processes: A Database Investigation
Ganna I. Zaitseva, Valentin A. Dergachev, Vladimir I. Timofeev and Anatoly A. Sementsov759
The First 14C Dating of Monuments in European Scythia
Ganna I. Zaitseva, Göran Possnert, Andrey Yu. Alekseev, Valentin A. Dergachev and Anatoly A. Sementsov 767

B. The Terrestrial Environment

14C Dating of Late Pleistocene-Holocene Events on Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands
V. B. Bazarova, N. G. Razjigaeva, T. A. Grebennikova, L. A. Ganzey, L. M. Mokhova, A. M. Korotky and L. D. Sulerzhitsky775
14C Dating of Laminated Sediments from Loch Ness, Scotland
M. C. Cooper, P. E. O'Sullivan,, D. D. Harkness, E. M. Lawson, D. Bull, A. E. S. Kemp, Sylvia M. Peglar, Nina M. Matthews, R. I. Jones and A. J. Shine 781
Radiometric Dating of Young and Old Calcrete
Mebus A. Geyh and Bernhard Eitel795
14C Ages of Terrestrial Macrofossils from Lago Grande di Monticchio (Italy)
Irka Hajdas, Georges Bonani, Bernd Zolitschka, Achim Brauer and Jörg Negendank 803
Minimal Extension Phases of Unteraarglacier (Swiss Alps) During the Holocene Based on 14C Analysis of Wood
Anne Hormes, Christian Schlüchter and Thomas F. Stocker809
Holocene Paleoenvironmental Changes in the Lower Mahi Basin, Western India
Sheela Kusumgar, Rachna Raj, L. S. Chamyal and M. G. Yadav819
AMS 14C Dating of Historic Eruptions of the Kirishima, Sakurajima and Kaimondake Volcanoes, Southern Kyushu, Japan
Mitsuru Okuno, Toshio Nakamura and Tetsuo Kobayashi 825
Application of 14C Data for the Estimation of Sphagnum Peat Increment in Estonian Ombrotrophic Mires
J.-M. Punning and Tiiu Koff 833
14C Ages of Tephra Layers from the Holocene Deposits of Kunashir Island (Russian Far East)
N. G. Razjigaeva, T. A. Grebennikova, L. A. Ganzey, V. B. Bazarova, L. M. Mokhova, A. M. Korotky and L. D. Sulerzhitsky841
14C Dating of Terrestrial Moss in Tern Lake Deposits, Antarctica
Chengde Shen, Tungsheng Liu, Weixi Yi, Yanmin Sun, Mantao Jiang, Jürg Beer and Georges Bonani849
Reconstruction of Microenvironmental Changes in the Kopasz Hill Loess Area at Tokaj (Hungary) between 15 and 70 ka BP
Pál Sümegi and Ede Hertelendi855
14C AMS Dating of Icelandic Lake Sediments
Árný E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Jan Heinemeier, Peter Kristensen, Niels Rud, Áslaug Geirsdóttir and Jórunn Harðardóttir865
Carbon Isotope Variations and Chronology of the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (14-9 ka BP)
Chris S. M. Turney, Doug D. Harkness and J. John Lowe873
14C and 18O in Siberian Syngenetic Ice-Wedge Complexes
Yurij K. Vasil'chuk and Alla C. Vasil'chuk883
The 14C Age of Palsas in Northern Eurasia
Yurij K. Vasil'chuk and Alla C. Vasil'chuk895
Reappraisal of Chinese Loess Plateau Stratigraphic Sequences over the Last 30,000 Years: Precursors of an Important Holocene Monsoon Climatic Event
Weijian Zhou, Zhisheng An, A. J. T Jull, D. J. Donahue and M. J. Head 905

C. The Freshwater Environment

Study of the Effect of Fossil Organic Carbon on 14C in Groundwater from Hvinningdal, Denmark
E. Boaretto, L. Thorling, Á. E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Y. Yechieli and J. Heinemeier915
Temporal Changes of the 14C Reservoir Effect in Lakes
Mebus A. Geyh, U. Schotterer and M. Grosjean921
Isotopic Analysis and Cycling of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon at Lake Biwa, Central Japan
Toshio Nakamura, Sadao Kojima, Tomoko Ohta, Hirotaka Oda, Akiko Ikeda, Mitsuru Okuno, Ki-ichiro Yokota, Yoshihiko Mizutani and Wolfgang Kretschmer933
14C and 234U-Excess Dating of Groundwater in the Haifa Bay Region, Israel
Vasily Rogojin, Israel Carmi and Joel Kronfeld 945
14C Studies of Natural Ice
A. T. Wilson953

D. The Marine Environment

Apparent 14C Ages of Marine Mollusk Shells from a Greek Island: Calculation of the Marine Reservoir Effect in the Aegean Sea
Yorgos Facorellis, Yannis Maniatis and Bernd Kromer963
14C Dating of Modern Marine and Estuarine Shellfish
A. G. Hogg, T. F. G. Higham and J. Dahm975
Molecular, Radioactive and Stable Carbon Isotope Characterization of Estuarine Particulate Organic Matter
Luc Megens, Johannes van der Plicht and Jan W. de Leeuw985

E. Soils

The 14C Age of Humic Substances in Paleosols
Alexander L. Alexandrovskiy and Olga A. Chichagova991
Using 14C as a Tracer of Carbon Accumulation and Turnover in Soils
G. M. Milton and S. J. Kramer999
14C Dating and Stable Carbon Isotopes of Soil Organic Matter in Forest-Savanna Boundary Areas in the Southern Brazilian Amazon Region
L. C. R. Pessenda, S. E. M. Gouveia, Ramon Aravena, B. M. Gomes, Rene Boulet and A. S. Ribeiro1013
Soil Organic 14C Dynamics: Effects of Pasture Installation on Arable Land
Paul F. A. M. Römkens, Jan Hassink and Johannes van der Plicht1023

REPORT OF THE BUSINESS MEETING, FRIDAY 20 JUNE 19971033
AUTHOR INDEX1035
SUBJECT INDEX1039